at the beginning of each note to return to the spot left from.
at the beginning of each note to return to the spot left from.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} Mrs.
John J. [Juliette] Kinzie, Wau-Bun: The early day in the
Northwest, (1901 ed.), pp. 162-3. The "Narrative of the Massacre" was
originally published in pamphlet form in 1836.
{ret} Source
notes for separate sections, such as maps, are contained in those
sections. See also the bibliography.
{ret}
Letter, dated 13 October 1880, originally published in Rufus Blanchard,
History of the Northwest, pp. 757-9: in Andreas, History of
Chicago, vol. I (1884), pp. 630-1.
{ret}
Bridgeport was never incorporated as a municipality; "town" here refers to
a legally platted subdivision. We have also tended to use "town" as a
synonym for "community."
{ret}
Michael P. Conzen, "The Historical Development of the Illinois and
Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor," The Illinois and Michigan
Canal National Heritage Corridor
(1988), pp. 8-10.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} The full title of the Northwest Ordinance is
as follows: An ORDINANCE for the GOVERNMENT of the TERRITORY of the
UNITED STATES, North-West of the
RIVER OHIO (passed 13 July
1787).
{ret} The federal Act
of 1822 required that a map be returned to the
Treasury Department within 3 years, and that the canal be completed in 12
years. The map had been sent but was lost, and the conditions of the 1822
Act were never met.
{ret} A joke of the
day said that the phrase 'Internal Improvements' in the
title of the act (An Act to Establish and Maintain a General System of
Internal Improvements) was merely misspelled and that no one would have
fallen into trouble if they had realized the key words were properly spelled
"Infernal Improvements."
{ret} Source notes
for separate sections, such as maps, are contained in
those sections. See also the bibliography.
{ret}Canal
Commissioner's Plat of 1836 (see the bibliograpy for
detailed information).
{ret} Archer Road was
sometimes also known as 'State Road.'
{ret} Unfortunately
neither of the depots of northwest Bridgeport remain.
Limestone depots similar to what the the Bridgeport depot of the Joliet
and Chicago railroad must have been like can, however, be found in Lemont
and Lockport.
{ret} Two years earlier, the Dan Ryan expressway
opened, which had plowed through Armour Square.
{ret}
U.S. Bureau of Census, Census of Population and Housing: Block
statistics [for 1960 and for 1970]. The expressways were not without
their benefits. They remain a factor in keeping the area well located.
Excellent expressway access to the southwest side, where most of Chicago's
intermodal facilities are located, has probably been a major reason for
industry to stay near Bridgeport.
{ret} The Midway line
was built between the rights-of-way of the
railroads and the expressway, so construction of the route disturbed
little. Figures on ridership from the CTA annual ridership
surveys
conducted each November.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} John C. W.
Bailey, Chicago City Directory for the Year
1864-5; A. T. Andreas, History of Cook County (1884), p.
798.
{ret} Bailey,
ibid.
{ret} Thomas M.
Halpin, comp., Chicago City Directory for
the Year 1860-1.
{ret} Reuben H. Donnelley, comp., The Lakeside
Annual
Directory of the City of Chicago, 1887; and Robinson's Atlas of the
City of Chicago, (1886).
{ret} Everett Chamberlin, Chicago and its
Suburbs (1874; rpt. 1974), pp. 138-41.
{ret} R. H. Donnelly (op. cit. at note 4).
{ret} It should be noted the what is now often
called "the Stockyards" or "the Stockyard District" was originally founded
as Chicago Union Stock Yards; it was renamed Union Stock Yards after the
turn of the century; commonly it is referred to as simply "the
Stockyards." or more generically (the) stockyards.
{ret} J. Edwin Becht, Commodity Origins: Traffic
and Markets Accessible to Chicago via the Illinois Waterway, thesis
(1952), pp. 33-37.
{ret} Chicago Plan Commission, Chicago
Industrial
Study: summary report (1951), pp. 17, 24. The canal (South
Branch-Sanitary canal) district, stretching from about Eighteenth street
and the river to the city limits, had 365 establishments and employed
37,098 persons. As much as a quarter of this activity could have been
conducted near Bridgeport. A number of establishments were also found
scattered about the community; those are not included in these district
figures.
{ret} Melvin G. Holli, "The Daley Era: Richard J.
to Richard M.," The Mayors, Paul M. Green and Melvin G. Holli, eds.
(rev. ed. 1995), p. 229.
{ret} Chicago Plan Commission, Annual Report,
1991-92 (1992), p. 10; and Chicago
Department of Planning and Development and Eighteenth Street Development
Corporation, Model Industrial Corridor Initiative: Pilsen Industrial
Corridor: Final Plan (1995). The
current proposal is to redevelop part of the Produce Terminal site for a
printing plant of the Chicago Chicago Sun-Times newspaper; another
part would be developed for a manufacturer.
{ret} Information sources for the following
section are based on census data taken mainly from community fact
books and similar sources; the specific sources used are cited at the appropriate
tables.
{ret} This is typical for boom areas, since
those moving to the new areas are bringing wealth along with them. As a
community matures, income levels become more diverse.
{ret} Community Area Data Book for the City of
Chicago, 1970, p. 480.
H. E. Poronto,
Industrial Agent, compiler, The Central Manufacturing District
(1915), pp. 28-9.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} Most
of the information on Catholic churches from: Harry Koenig, A History
of the Parishes of the Archdiocese of Chicago; information on German
Lutheran churches from Jacob Mueller, Chicago und Sein Deutschtum;
information on Swedish churches is mainly from Ulf Beijbom, Swedes in
Chicago; information on the Presbyterian church from Bill Lowell,
Presbytery of Chicago; some information on Polish churches from Leon
Zglenicki, Poles of Chicago, 1837-1937; supplementary information
comes from city directories or from mention in more general sources.
{ret} Irish
churches were technically territorial churches (that is,
geographically defined parishes) and open to all. The Catholic
Archdiocese,
acceding to demands of first German and later Polish and other ethnic
groups, established national parishes, which had
their own boundaries that overlapped with the territorial parishes. The
so-called territorial parishes, however, were de facto Irish
churches for the most part.
{ret}
Bohemians are listed in census figures as Czechs or Czechoslovakians. We
have used these terms loosely; other ethnic divisions that are often
headed under Czech include Slovak, Moravian, and Slovanian.
{ret}
Humbert S. Nelli, Italians in Chicago, 1880-1930, pp. 28-31; and
the Italian-American Collection at the University of Illinois.
{ret}
Michael F. Funchion, Chicago's Irish Nationalists, 1881- 1890
(1976), pp. 10-11.
{ret}
Finley Peter Dunne, in Charles Fanning, Finley Peter Dunne and Mr.
Dooley: the Chicago years (1978), p. 39; originally from the
Evening Post, 25 Nov 1893. Dunne wrote the Mr. Dooley columns from
October 1893 to January 1898.
{ret}
Charles Fanning, ibid., p. 76.
{ret}
Edward Kantowicz, "The Ethnic Church," Ethnic Chicago: a multicultural
portrait, Melvin G. Holli and Peter d'A Jones, eds. (4th ed., 1995),
p. 583.
{ret} Works
Project Administration (WPA), Housing in Chicago Communities, vol.
60 (1940), pp. 8, 27-8.
{ret} Thirty-eighth Annual report of the Board of
Education for the Year Ending June 30, 1892 (1893), pp. 240-250.
{ret} Chicago Department of Public Welfare,
[Chicago] Social Service Directory, 1915, p. 165; information
on Benton House provided by that institution.
{ret} Reuben H. Donnelley, comp., The Lakeside
Annual Directory of the City of Chicago, 1911.
{ret} Frederick Thrasher, The Gang: a study of
1,313 gangs in Chicago (1927), p. 201.
{ret} Ibid., p. 17.
{ret} Ibid., pp. 19-9; and Roger Biles, Big
City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago
(1984), pp. 115-17; it should be noted, though, that (Republican) Mayor
William Hale Thompson had relied on the support of a Black
constituency.
{ret} Van Reenan (op. cit. at note 17), p. 66;
Fanning (op. cit. at note 6), p. 75; Harrison (op. cit. at political
chapter, note 1), p. 19.
{ret} Interview of Albert J. Aukers in Antanas Van
Reenan, Lithuanina Diaspora (1990), p. 54-55.
{ret} Andrew J. Russel, Auditor of Public
Accounts, Twenty-second Annual Report of Building, Loan and Homestead
Associations, State of Illinois (1918), pp. 398, 478, 519, 565, 621,
281, 382, 385; and Leon Zglenicki, et. al., Poles of Chicago,
1837-1937 (1937), p. 216.
{ret} David Fainhauz, Lithuanians in
Multi-Ethnic Chicago p. 96-99; figures originally in J.C. Kennedy,
Wages and Family Budgets in the Chicago Union Stockyard District
(Chicago: 1914) pp. 5, 57. See also Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
(Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julies, 1920); the book was originally published
in 1906. Sinclair's inspiration probably came out of an article, entitled:
"From Lithuania to the Chicago Stockyards -- an Autobiography,"
Independent, (57, August, 1904) published on and also in
Outlook (1904).
{ret} Leon Zglenicki, et. al., Poles of Chicago,
1837-1937 (1937), p. 190; and H. E. Poronto, Central Manufacturing
District (1915), pp. 152-3.
{ret} Vivian M. Palmer, Field Studies in
Sociology: a student's manual (University of Chicago,
1928), in Leo J. Alilunas, Lithuanians in the United States,
p. 66.
{ret} In this respect, the Polish and Lithuanian
experience paralleled the Irish more than the German experience.
{ret} David Fainhauz (op. cit. at note 19), pp.
108-13, 163-4, 169-70.
{ret} Leon Zglenicki et. al., (op. cit. at note
20), pp. 78-80.
{ret} Unless otherwise noted, sources for the
statistical information that follows in the sections below can be found by
referring to the appropriate tables.
{ret} Edward Kantowicz, Polish-American Politics
in Chicago, 1888-1940 (1975), p. 18. The Fourth Ward included only the
Bridgeport area east of Loomis and north of 33rd street, while it also
included parts of today's Armour Square.
{ret} Works Project Administration (op. cit. at
note 9), p. 5.
{ret} Anita Edgar Jones, Conditions Surrounding
Mexicans in Chicago, dissertation (1928), pp. 41-8, 61-6, 71, 120-2.
and Harry Koenig (op. cit. at note 1).
{ret} Albert E. Dickens, "Southwest Side,"
Forty-four Cities in the City of Chicago (1942), pp. 56-58; see
also table 12.
{ret} Louis Wirth and Margaret Furez, Local
Community Fact Book, 1938, section 60.
{ret} Council of Social Service Agencies,
Chicago Social Service Directory (1944), p. 191.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} Carter
H. Harrison [II], Growing Up With Chicago: sequel to 'Stormy
Years' (1944), pp. 229-30.
{ret} Louis
Wirth and Margaret Furez, Local Community Fact Book, 1938, section
60: Bridgeport.
{ret} It
should be stated that the location of the orphanage in Bridgeport does not
mean all young residents were from Bridgeport; they were likely from all
over the area.
{ret} The
Clan-na-Gael was one of the first secular fraternal organizations in the
neighborhood. Others known about around the Civil War included a
temperance society (which doesn't seem to have lasted) and the Cleveland
lodge of the Independent Order of Good Templars. Most benevolent or
fraternal organizations were located in or near downtown in that
period.
{ret} The
German trade unions grew out of the guild tradition in Germany. They were
called Vereinen in Chicago. An example would be der
Wagenverein (coach maker's union).
{ret} Bessie
Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago, vol. II (1940), p. 178; based
on reports of the Chicago Tribune, 3 May 1867 and the Chicago
Times, 3 May 1867.
{ret}
William J. Adelman, Pilsen and the West Side (2nd ed. 1983), pp.
18-22, 49-51.
{ret} Perry
R. Duis, The Saloon: public drinking in Chicago and Boston,
1880-1920 (1983), p. 173.
{ret} Carter
H. Harrison [II], "Message of Mayor Harrison," 25 May 1903,
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Department of Public Works and
Mayor's Annual Message to the City Council of the City of Chicago: for the
fiscal year ending December 31, 1902 (1903), p. 19.
{ret} In
the period before Cermak and Kelly, factionalism in both the Democratic
and Republican parties was common. Loyalties seemed to attach to whomever
could distribute the largest share of benefits. Ideology and party loyalty
ran in second place.
{ret} Roger
Biles, Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of
Chicago (1984), pp. 6-7.
{ret} Roger
Biles, "Edward J. Kelly: New Deal Machine builder," in The Mayors,
Paul M. Green and Melvin G. Holli, eds. (rev. ed. 1995), p. 112.
{ret}
Arnold R. Hirsch, "Martin H. Kennelly: the Mugwump and the Machine, in
The Mayors, Paul M. Green and Melvin G. Holli, eds. (rev. ed.
1995), pp. 126-7.
{ret} Len
O'Connor, Clout: Mayor Daley and his city (1975), p. 22.
{ret} At
that time three representatives were elected from each district, one from
the minority party.
{ret} It is
beyond the scope of this brief history to review the mayoral tenure of
Mayor Daley. Many books have already been written about him and the office
he held. We have tried to focus mainly on Bridgeport and Daley. Though
even here, much more could be said.
{ret} Paul
M. Green, "Michael A. Bilandic: the last of the Machine regulars," in
The Mayors, Paul M. Green and Melvin G. Holli, eds. (rev. ed.
1995), p. 161.
{ret}
Between the death of Mayor Washington and the election of Eugene Sawyer as
acting mayor by the city council, David Duvall Orr served (eight days) as
interim mayor.
Sources cited below that are also listed in the bibliograpy are rendered here in short form; see the bibliography for detailed publication information.
{ret} Marya Morris, Innovative Tools for
Historic Preservation, Planning Advisory Service, report 438 (1992),
p. 13.
{ret} For example, certain parts of the
Central Manufacturing District might qualify for historic district status,
as the district falls within an era of significance. It would depend upon
the condition of the structures remaining from that era. Certain
residential blocks in Bridgeport also may be assigned a period (and
without the need for overly burdensome reversion specifications); although
those areas where this is most apt to be possible tend to be sections with
twentieth century structures.
{ret} An example of a single landmark might
be the wood frame building at 858 west Thirty-third street, which was the
first church of Saint George (Lithuanian) parish; before that it had been
the Immaculate Conception (German) church, and was probably used for some
other purpose before then. Identification of such sites need further
investigation. An example of an industrial structure would be the White
Eagle Brewery building.
{ret} Report of Students, Bridgeport team,
Practicum in Historic Preservation, Early Modern Bridgeport Today
(Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Art History,
College of Architecture and the Arts; and the Urban Planning and Policy
Program, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs); first given at the
students' presentation before the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, 25
April 1996, at the Graham Foundation, 4 west Burton, Chicago.
[ Click here for sample views of Bridgeport today ]